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Redhat Corner

The Korn Shell Tutorial

Korn Shell was created by David Korn

This article was created to be used as a reference page for writing scripts using Korn scripting or for the beginner just starting to write Korn scripts.

Invoking the Korn shell type:
/bin/ksh

Bold text is the command input, red text is the output and orange text are links.

Section I - [ Process Execution, Input/Output Redirection, File Name Substitution, & Command Substitution]


		[[ .. ]]		String Operators
		[[ $X == $Y ]] [ .. ] -n string -o string -z string string1 = string2 string1 != string2 string1 = pattern string != pattern string1 < string2 string1 > string2		remember the white space between [[ ]] and the operators may be used, but limited true if length of string is not zero true if option is set true if length of string is zero true if string1 is equal to string2 true if string1 is not equal to string2 true if string does match pattern true if string does not match pattern true if string1 is less than string2 true if string1 is greater than string2


		examples using string operators from startup scripts for httpd, sendmail & network
		# if variable $DEVICE is zero then run DEVICE=$i if [ -z "$DEVICE" ] ; then DEVICE="$i"; fi # If we're in confirmation mode, get user confirmation [ -n "$CONFIRM" ] && { confirm $i case $? in 0) : ;; 2) CONFIRM= ;; *) continue ;; esac } action $"Bringing up interface $i: " ./ifup $i boot fi done


		[[ .. ]]	File Operators
		[[ $X == $Y ]] -a file -d file -f file -G file -L file -O file -r file -s file -S file -u file -w file -x file file1 -ef file2 file1 -nt file2 file1 -ot file2	remember the white space between [[ ]] and the operators true if file exists true if file exists and is a directory true if file exists and is a regular file if file exists and = to current group id true if file exists and is a symbolic link if file exists and = to effective user id true if file exists and is readable true if file exists and its size is greater than zero true if file exists and is a socket file true if file exists and its set user-id bit is set true if file exists and is writable true if file exists and is executable. true if file1 exists and is another name for file2 true if file1 exists and is newer than file2 true if file1 exists and is older than file2


		examples of using file operators from startup scripts for httpd, sendmail, & network
		# if httpd.pid exists as a regular file then function stop start is executed. if [ -f /var/run/httpd.pid ] ; then stop start fi # if ipv4 is a directory run commands if [ -d /proc/sys/net/ipv4 ]; then commands fi # if the ip configuration utility isn't around we can't function. [ -x /sbin/ip ] \|\| exit 1


		More examples of [[ .. ]] with operators && \|\|
		[[ expression1 && expression2 ]] (true if expression1 and expression2 are true.) [[ -a tmp ]] && echo "File tmp exists" [[ -d /tmp ]] && echo "/tmp is a directory" [[ -r tmp ]] && echo "File tmp is read-only" [[ -r tmp && -d tmp ]] && "tmp is read-only and a directory [[ expression1 \|\| expression2 ]] (true if either expression1 or expression2 are true.) [[ -a tmp ]] \|\| echo "File tmp does not" [[ -d /tmp ]] \|\| echo "/tmp is not a directory" [[ -r tmp ]] \|\| echo "File tmp is not read-only" [[ -r tmp \|\| -w tmp ]] && echo "tmp is either a read-only file or writable. [[ (expression) ]] true if expression eveluates to true. The ()'s are used to override the precedence rules. [[ !expression ]] true if expression evaluates to false.


		[[ .. ]]		Integer Operators
		exp1 -eq exp2 exp1 -ne exp2 exp1 -le exp2 exp1 -lt exp2 exp1 -ge exp2 exp1 -gt exp2		true if exp1 is equal to exp2 true if exp1 is not equal to exp2 true if exp1 is less than or equal to exp2 true if exp1 is less than exp2 true if exp1 is greater than or equal to exp2 true if exp1 is greater than exp2


		Examples using Integer Operators
		# if users logged in are less then 1 print true (($(who \| wc -l) > 1)) echo $? 0 (true more then one user logged in) # less then 2 arguments (($# < 2)) # less then 4 users logged in [[ $(who \| wc -l) -lt 4 ]] && echo less then 4 users logged in # more then 4 users logged in [[ $(who \| wc -l) -gt 4 ]] && echo more then 4 users logged in


		command execution format
		command; command2 - runs command1 followed by command2 command & - execute command in background command1\|command2 - pass standard output of command1 to standard input of command2 command1 && command2 - execute command2 if command1 returns zero (successful) command1 \|\| command2 - execute command2 if command1 returns non-zero (unsuccessful) command \|& - execute command asynchronously with its standard input and standard output command \ - continue command on next line { command; } - execute command in current shell - remember spaces! (command) - execute command in its own shell - no spaces required


		command execution examples	files in directory are "one two three"
		1) ls; echo "files" 2) ls & 3) ls \| wc -l 4) ls && echo true 5) ls \|\| echo false 6) echo \abc 7) { date; } 8) (date)	1) one two three files 2) [1] 6034 one three two 3) 14 4) one three two true 5) one three two 6) abc 7) Sat Jul 13 20:11:07 PDT 2002 8) Sat Jul 13 20:11:27 PDT 2002


		Quotes	' .. ' " .. " ` .. `
		' .. ' ` .. ` " .. "	hide meanings of all special characters except another ' back quotes are used to assign variables from output double quotes hide all meanings except special characters like $, ', and \


		Examples using Quotes
		echo 'date' echo 'the 'date' today is' echo "the 'weather' is rain" echo "my prompt is $PS1" REDHAT='uname` echo $REDHAT	date the 'date' today is the 'weather' is rain my prompt is [\u@\h \W]\$ Linux


		Some I/O Redirection Operators
		<file >file >>file >\|file <>file <&- >&-	redirect standard input from file redirect standard output to file append out to file redirect standard output to file open file for reading and writing as standard input close standard input close standard output


		Examples using Redirectors
		1) # cat <hello.world - hello world 2) # hello.world> - hello.world (created) 3) # cat hello.world >> hello.world - hello.world hello.world 4) # echo "hello world" >&- - (nothing will be displayed) 5) # cat hello.world \| wc -l <&- - (input will not be displayed)


		File Descriptors
		0 1 2 3-9	standard input standard ouput standard error unassigned file descriptors


		Redirect Operators / File Descriptors
		<&n >&n n<file n>file n>>file n>\|file n<&m n>&m n<>file n<<word n<<-word		redirect std.inp from file desc. n redirect std.out to file desc. n redirect file desc. n from file redirect file desc. n to file redirect file desc. n to file redirect file desc. n to file redirect file desc. n input from file desc. redirect file desc. n output to file desc. open file for reading and writing as file desc. n redirect to file desc. n until word is read redirect to file desc. n until word is read


		Examples using File Descriptors
		1) #echo This output is going to standard error >&2 - This output is going to standard error 2) #ls hello world .out 2>ls.out 1>&2 cat ls.out - ls: hello: No such file or directory ls: world.out: No such file or directory 3) #cat hello.world >/dev/null - all output is sent to "/dev/null" which is a trash bin. 4) #cat hello.world >&- - all output is closed with &- 5) #cat hello.world 1>/dev/null - contents of hello.world if exist will be sent to /dev/null 6) #cat hello.world 2>/dev/null - any errors from running 'cat hello.world' are sent to /dev/null


		Basic Pattern-Matching Characters
		? * [xyz] [a-c] [a-ce-g] [!abc] [!a-c] .		match any single character match zero or more characters match any character or characters between brackets match any character or characters in the range a to c match any character or characters in the range a to c, to g match any characters or characters not between brackets match any character or characters not in the range of a-c strings starting with . must be explicitly matched


		Examples using Pattern Matching		using the file "a"
		ls ?a ls a* ls [abc] ls [a-c] ls [a-ce-g] ls [!z] ls [!s-z] ls [.a]		a a a a a a a a


		Advanced Pattern Matching
		?(pattern) *(pattern) +(pattern) @(pattern) !(pattern) pattern		match zero or one occurrences of any pattern match zero or more occurrences of any pattern match on or more occurrences of any pattern match exactly one occurrence of any pattern match anything except any pattern multiple patterns must be separate


		Examples using Adv. Pattern Matching		using files a aa aaa
		ls ?(a) ls *(a) ls +(a) ls @(a) ls !(z) ls (a\|j\|[1-3]) ls !(z\|[1-3]\|z)		a a aa aaa a aa aaa a a aa aaa a aa aaa a aa aaa

Section II - [ Variable Attributes, Special Parameters, Variable Expansion, Array Variables ]


		Variable Attributes with using typeset
		typeset -i var - Set var to be a integer typset -l var - Set var to lower case typeset -L var - Left justify var typeset -Ln var - Left justify var, set field width to n typeset -r var - Set var to read-only typeset -R var - Right justify var typeset -Rn var - Right justify var, set field width to n typeset -RZn var - Right justify var, set field width t on and fill as leading 0s typeset -t var - Set the user-defined attribute forvar. typeset -u var - Set var to upper case typeset -x var - Automatically export var to environment


		Special Parameters
		? - exit status of last command $ - process id of current shell - - current options in effect ! - process id of last background process ERRNO - error number returned by most recently failed sys call PPID - process id of the parent shell ~ - home directory of current user


		Examples of Special Parameters
		1) echo $? 2) echo $$ 3) echo $- 4) echo $PPID		1) 0 2) 5459 3) ims 4) 5336


		Variable Expansion Formats
		1) ${#variable} - length of variable 2) ${variable:-word} - value of variable if set and not null, else print word 3) ${variable:=word} - value of variable if set and not null, else set 4) ${variable:+word} - value of word is variable is set and not null, else nothing 5) ${variable:?} - value of variable if set and not null else print 'not set' 6) ${variable:?word} - value of variable if set and not null, else print value of word 7) ${variable#pattern} - value of variable without the smallest beginning portion that matches pattern 8) ${variable##pattern} - value of variable without the largest beginning portion that matches pattern 9) ${variable%pattern} - value of variable without the smallest ending portion that matches pattern 10) ${variable%%pattern} - value of variable without the largest ending portion that matches pattern 11) ${variable\|\|pattern1\|pattern2} - replace all occurrences of pattern1 with pattern2 variable


		Examples of Variable Expansion		using variable PS1=# USERNAME=root
		1) echo ${#PS1} 2) echo ${PS5:-NEW} 3) echo ${PS5:=NEW} 4) echo ${PS6:?} 5) echo ${PS5:?PS1} 6) echo ${USERNAME#r} 7) echo ${USERNAME##t} 8) echo ${USERNAME%t}		1) 2 2) NEW 3) variable for PS5 is now NEW 4) /bin/ksh: PS6: parameter null or not set 5) /bin/ksh: PS7: PS1 6) oot 7) root 8) roo


		Array Variables
		${array} ${array[n]} ${array[n+1]} ${array[$z]} ${array[]} ${#array[]} ${#array[n]} ${!array[]} ${!array[]:n:x} ${!array[@]:n}		$array element zero array element n array element n + 2 array element $z all elements of array number of array elements length of array element n all initialized subscript values x array elements starting with element n all array elements starting with element n


		Assigning Variables to Arrays
		set -A DAY Mon Tues Wed typeset DAY[0]=Mon DAY[1]=Tues DAY[3]=Wed		will assign Mon, Tues, and Wed to DAY array will also assign Mon, Tues, and Wed to DAY array


		Examples of arrays		using the above sample
		echo $DAY echo ${DAY[1]} echo ${DAY[]} echo ${DAY[0+1]} echo ${#DAY[1]} echo ${#DAY[]}		Mon Tues Mon Tues Wed Tues 4 3

Section III - [ Manipulating Jobs, Checking Job Status, Background Jobs and I/O, Job Names, Leaving Stopped Jobs ]


		Job Commands
		Ctlr-z fg fg %n bg bg %n jobs jobs -l sleep 100 wait kill -l kill -signal %n kill %n stty tostop stty -tostop		suspend current job bring background job into the foreground bring background job n into the foreground send job into the background send job n into the background display current jobs and status display current jobs and process ids put into background for 100 seconds wait for the job to finish list all valid signal names send specified signal to job n kill job n prevent background jobs from generating output allow background jobs to generate output


		Job names
		%n %+, %% %- %string %?string		job n current job previous job job whose name begins with string job that matches part or all of string

Section IV - [ Working with Arithmetic Operators ]


		Arithmetic Operators	anything between (( .. )) ( ... ) grouping (used to override precedence rules)
		- ! ~ , /, % +, - <<,>> <=,< >=,> == != & ^ \| && \|\| = =, /=, %= <<=, >>= &=, ^=, \|= ( ... )	unary minus logical negation bitwise negation multiply, division, remainder addition, subtraction left shift, right shift less than or equal to, less than greater than or equal to, greater than equal to not equal to bitwise AND bitwise exclusive OR bitwise OR logical AND logical OR assignment multiply assign, divide assign left shift assign, right shift assign bitwise AND assign, bitwise exclusive OR assign, bitwise OR assign grouping (used to override precedence rules)


		Examples of Arithmetic
		((X=-1)) echo $7 ((Z=1+1)) echo $Z ((Y=1-1)) echo $Y ((X=$Y-$Z)) echo $X ((X=!Y)) echo $X four=$((2 + 2)) echo $four eight=$(($four + 4)) print $(($four * $eight))	-1 2 0 2 1 four eight 32

Section V - [ case, select, function, while, until, if, do, read, continue, echo, print ]


		case function linux-mag
		#!/bin/ksh case $1 in 1) echo one ;; 2) echo two ;; 3) echo three ;; *) echo does not exists esac	./hello.case 1 one ./hello.case 2 two ./hello.case 3 three ./hello.case 777 does not exist


		select function
		#!/bin/ksh OPTIONS="Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday" select opt in $OPTIONS; do if [ "$opt" = "Monday" ]; then echo Monday i elif [ "$opt" = Tuesday" ]; then echo Tuesday exit else clear echo bad option fi done	./hello.select 1) Monday 2) Tuesday 3) Wednesday 4) Thursday 5) Friday #? 1 monday #?


		function	a function will be passive until called from a scripts
		functionname() { commands } or function name() { commands }	example from httpd startup example from sendmail startup if [ "1" != "2" ] ; then functionone fi functionone() { echo this is function one } functionone


		if function linux-mag	execute commands if a given condition is true
		if command1 then command2 fi file and string ops	if [[ "X" = "Y" ]]; then echo X = Y fi


		else function	used with if usually when if a set of commands is not true
		if command1 then comamnds else commands then fi file and string ops	if [[ "X" = "Y" ]]; then echo X = Y else echo X does not equal Y fi if [ $? -eq 127 ] ; then print error else print everything ok fi grep ipx \| lsmod if [[ $? -eq 0 ]] ; then echo YES else echo NO fi


		elif function	execute a set of commands that are true
		if commands then commands elif command then command fi	if [ -d /deva ]; then echo deva is a directory elif [ -d /dev ]; then echo dev is a directory not deva fi


		while function linux-mag	looping syntax
		while command1 do command done	while (($# != 0 )) do echo test done


		until function linux-mag	similar to while except executes when condition is false
		until command1 do command done	until (($# == 0)) do echo true done


		for function linux-mag	execute commands a specified number of times
		for i in $(ls); do echo files: $i done	files: a files: b files: c


		echo function	displays its arguments on standard output
		-n -e -E	don't output trailing line enable interpretation of the backslash-escaped characters listed below disable interpretation of those sequences in STRINGs


		exec function	used to perform I/O redirection with file descriptors 0-9
		exec 1>std.out exit	all standard output is no going to file std.out will allow you to exit the shell and view the output of std.out


		read function	input from read is assigned to variable
		read age	when age is entered its assigned to $age

Section VI - [ find, awk, grep, sed ]


		find function [path...] [expression] - used to locate files - man page linuxpowered.com
		-amin n - find / -amin 10 (access all files in / that have been accessed 10 minutes ago) -anewer file - find / -anewer file2 (access all files in / that are newer then file2) -atime n - find / -atime 10 (access all files in / that have been accessed 10 days ago) -cmin - find / -cmin 10 (access all files in / that have been changed 10 days ago) -name find / -name test (access all files in / that have the name test) find / -atime +7 -exec rm {} \; (locate and remove all files that match)


		grep function [ -bchilnsvw ] limited-regular-expression [ filename... ] search a file for a pattern - man page
		grep ls * - search all files in current directory for "ls" grep failure maillog - search maillog for the word "failure" grep failure maillog > failed - search maillog for the word "failure" and write to file "failed'


		awk function [ -f progfile ] [ -Fc ] [ `prog' ] [ parameters ] [ filename...] pattern scanning and processing language - man page
		awk -F: '{print $1, $2}' /etc/passwd	will print out column 1 and 2 separated by : in /etc/passwd.


		sed function [ -n ] script [ file ... ] /usr/bin/sed [ -n ] [ -e script ] ... [ -f script_file ] ... [ file ... ] - steam editor - man page
		sed 's/bash/ksh/' > file.out sed 's/tmp\/backup/usr\/local\/backup/' backup_now > backup_now.2	search for all instances of bash and replace with ksh and write to file.out use \ for literal meanings.

Commands often used when writing scripts

at	Execute a command at a specified time
cat	Display contents of a file
chmod	Change file permissions
comm	Compare files
cp	Copy files
df	Display disk space usage of filesystems
diff	Compare text files
du	Displays disk space usage of directories
echo	Display text
eval	Evaluate an expression
grep	Find strings
kill	Terminate a process
lpr	Print data
less	Page through a file
ls	List file information
mail	Send a mail message
mkdir	Create a directory
mv	Move a file or directory
nice	Set process priority
nohup	Run a command immune to hang-ups
od	Display file contents in octal and other formats
passwd	Set a user's password
pr	Format data for printing
ps	Display process information
rm	Remove a file
rmdir	Remove a directory
sh	Launch a shell
sleep	Pause a process
sort	Sort data
spell	Check spelling
tail	Display last lines of file
time	Time the execution of a script
times	Displays CPU time used
uniq	Eliminates duplicate data
w	Displays logged in users
wait	Waits for child processes to terminate
wc	Counts characters, words, and lines
who	Displays logged in users

Section VII [ default redhat 7.2 startup scripts httpd, sendmail, and network ]


		/etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd
		#!/bin/bash # # Startup script for the Apache Web Server # # chkconfig: - 85 15 # description: Apache is a World Wide Web server. It is used to serve \ # HTML files and CGI. # processname: httpd # pidfile: /var/run/httpd.pid # config: /etc/httpd/conf/access.conf # config: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf # config: /etc/httpd/conf/srm.conf # Source function library. . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions # This will prevent initlog from swallowing up a pass-phrase prompt if # mod_ssl needs a pass-phrase from the user. INITLOG_ARGS="" # Path to the apachectl script, server binary, and short-form for messages. apachectl=/www/bin/apachectl httpd=/www/bin/httpd prog=httpd RETVAL=0 # Find the installed modules and convert their names into arguments httpd # can use. moduleargs() { moduledir=/usr/lib/apache moduleargs=` /usr/bin/find ${moduledir} -type f -perm -0100 -name ".so" \| env -i tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' \| awk '{\ gsub(/.\//,"");\ gsub(/^MOD_/,"");\ gsub(/^LIB/,"");\ gsub(/\.SO$/,"");\ print "-DHAVE_" $0}'` echo ${moduleargs} } # The semantics of these two functions differ from the way apachectl does # things -- attempting to start while running is a failure, and shutdown # when not running is also a failure. So we just do it the way init scripts # are expected to behave here. start() { echo -n $"Starting $prog: " daemon $httpd -DSSL `moduleargs` $OPTIONS RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/httpd return $RETVAL } stop() { echo -n $"Stopping $prog: " killproc $httpd RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/httpd /var/run/httpd.pid } reload() { echo -n $"Reloading $prog: " killproc $httpd -HUP RETVAL=$? echo } # See how we were called. case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; status) status $httpd RETVAL=$? ;; restart) stop start ;; condrestart) if [ -f /var/run/httpd.pid ] ; then stop start fi ;; reload) reload ;; graceful\|help\|configtest) $apachectl $@ RETVAL=$? ;; *) echo $"Usage: $prog {start\|stop\|restart\|condrestart\|reload\|status\|fullstatus\|graceful\|help\|configtest}" exit 1 esac exit $RETVAL


		/etc/rc.d/init.d/sendmail
		#!/bin/bash # # sendmail This shell script takes care of starting and stopping # sendmail. # # chkconfig: 2345 80 30 # description: Sendmail is a Mail Transport Agent, which is the program \ # that moves mail from one machine to another. # processname: sendmail # config: /etc/sendmail.cf # pidfile: /var/run/sendmail.pid # Source function library. . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions # Source networking configuration. . /etc/sysconfig/network # Source sendmail configureation. if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/sendmail ] ; then . /etc/sysconfig/sendmail else DAEMON=no QUEUE=1h fi # Check that networking is up. [ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0 [ -f /usr/sbin/sendmail ] \|\| exit 0 RETVAL=0 prog="sendmail" start() { # Start daemons. echo -n $"Starting $prog: " /usr/bin/newaliases > /dev/null 2>&1 if test -x /usr/bin/make -a -f /etc/mail/Makefile ; then make -C /etc/mail -s else for i in virtusertable access domaintable mailertable ; do if [ -f /etc/mail/$i ] ; then makemap hash /etc/mail/$i < /etc/mail/$i fi done fi daemon /usr/sbin/sendmail $([ "$DAEMON" = yes ] && echo -bd) \ $([ -n "$QUEUE" ] && echo -q$QUEUE) RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/sendmail return $RETVAL } stop() { # Stop daemons. echo -n $"Shutting down $prog: " killproc sendmail RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/sendmail return $RETVAL } # See how we were called. case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; restart\|reload) stop start RETVAL=$? ;; condrestart) if [ -f /var/lock/subsys/sendmail ]; then stop start RETVAL=$? fi ;; status) status sendmail RETVAL=$? ;; *) echo $"Usage: $0 {start\|stop\|restart\|condrestart\|status}" exit 1 esac exit $RETVAL


		/etc/rc.d/init.d/network
		#! /bin/bash # # network Bring up/down networking # # chkconfig: 2345 10 90 # description: Activates/Deactivates all network interfaces configured to \ # start at boot time. # probe: true ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: $network ### END INIT INFO # Source function library. . /etc/init.d/functions if [ ! -f /etc/sysconfig/network ]; then exit 0 fi . /etc/sysconfig/network if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/pcmcia ]; then . /etc/sysconfig/pcmcia fi # Check that networking is up. [ "${NETWORKING}" = "no" ] && exit 0 # if the ip configuration utility isn't around we can't function. [ -x /sbin/ip ] \|\| exit 1 # Even if IPX is configured, without the utilities we can't do much [ ! -x /sbin/ipx_internal_net -o ! -x /sbin/ipx_configure ] && IPX= # If IPv6 is explicitly configured, make sure it's available. if [ "$NETWORKING_IPV6" = "yes" ]; then alias=`modprobe -c \| awk '/^alias net-pf-10 / { print $3 }'` if [ "$alias" != "ipv6" -a ! -f /proc/net/if_inet6 ]; then echo "alias net-pf-10 ipv6" >> /etc/modules.conf fi fi CWD=`pwd` cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts . network-functions # find all the interfaces besides loopback. # ignore aliases, alternative configurations, and editor backup files interfaces=`ls ifcfg* \| LANG=C egrep -v '(ifcfg-lo\|:\|rpmsave\|rpmorig\|rpmnew)' \| \ LANG=C egrep -v '(~\|\.bak)$' \| \ LANG=C egrep 'ifcfg-[A-Za-z0-9_-]+$' \| \ sed 's/^ifcfg-//g'` # See how we were called. case "$1" in start) # IPv6 hook (pre IPv4 start) if [ "$NETWORKING_IPV6" = "yes" ]; then if [ -x /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global ]; then /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global start pre fi fi action $"Setting network parameters: " sysctl -e -p /etc/sysctl.conf # bring up loopback interface action $"Bringing up loopback interface: " ./ifup ifcfg-lo case "$IPX" in yes\|true) /sbin/ipx_configure --auto_primary=$IPXAUTOPRIMARY \ --auto_interface=$IPXAUTOFRAME if [ "$IPXINTERNALNETNUM" != "0" ]; then /sbin/ipx_internal_net add $IPXINTERNALNETNUM $IPXINTERNALNODENUM fi ;; esac oldhotplug=`sysctl kernel.hotplug 2>/dev/null \| \ awk '{ print $3 }' 2>/dev/null` sysctl -w kernel.hotplug="/bin/true" > /dev/null 2>&1 cipeinterfaces="" # bring up all other interfaces configured to come up at boot time for i in $interfaces; do eval $(fgrep "DEVICE=" ifcfg-$i) if [ -z "$DEVICE" ] ; then DEVICE="$i"; fi if [ "${DEVICE##cipcb}" != "$DEVICE" ] ; then cipeinterfaces="$cipeinterfaces $DEVICE" continue fi if LANG=C egrep -L "^ONBOOT=\"?[Nn][Oo]\"?" ifcfg-$i > /dev/null ; then # this loads the module, to preserve ordering is_available $i continue fi # If we're in confirmation mode, get user confirmation [ -n "$CONFIRM" ] && { confirm $i case $? in 0) : ;; 2) CONFIRM= ;; ) continue ;; esac } action $"Bringing up interface $i: " ./ifup $i boot done # Bring up CIPE VPN interfaces for i in $cipeinterfaces ; do if ! LANG=C egrep -L "^ONBOOT=\"?[Nn][Oo]\"?" ifcfg-$i >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then # If we're in confirmation mode, get user confirmation [ -n "$CONFIRM" ] && { confirm $i case $? in 0) : ;; 2) CONFIRM= ;; ) continue ;; esac } action $"Bringing up interface $i: " ./ifup $i boot fi done sysctl -w kernel.hotplug=$oldhotplug > /dev/null 2>&1 # Add non interface-specific static-routes. if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/static-routes ]; then grep "^any" /etc/sysconfig/static-routes \| while read ignore args ; do /sbin/route add -$args done fi # IPv6 hook (post IPv4 start) if [ "$NETWORKING_IPV6" = "yes" ]; then if [ -x /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global ]; then /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global start post fi fi # Run this again to catch any interface-specific actions sysctl -e -p /etc/sysctl.conf >/dev/null 2>&1 touch /var/lock/subsys/network ;; stop) # If this is a final shutdown/halt, check for network FS, # and unmount them even if the user didn't turn on netfs if [ "$RUNLEVEL" = "6" -o "$RUNLEVEL" = "0" -o "$RUNLEVEL" = "1" ]; then NFSMTAB=`grep -v '^#' /proc/mounts \| awk '{ if ($3 ~ /^nfs$/ ) print $2}'` SMBMTAB=`grep -v '^#' /proc/mounts \| awk '{ if ($3 ~ /^smbfs$/ ) print $2}'` NCPMTAB=`grep -v '^#' /proc/mounts \| awk '{ if ($3 ~ /^ncpfs$/ ) print $2}'` if [ -n "$NFSMTAB" -o -n "$SMBMTAB" -o -n "$NCPMTAB" ] ; then /etc/init.d/netfs stop fi fi # IPv6 hook (pre IPv4 stop) if [ "$NETWORKING_IPV6" = "yes" ]; then if [ -x /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global ]; then /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global stop pre fi fi # shut down all interfaces (other than loopback) for i in $interfaces ; do eval $(fgrep "DEVICE=" ifcfg-$i) if [ -z "$DEVICE" ] ; then DEVICE="$i"; fi if ! check_device_down $i; then action $"Shutting down interface $i: " ./ifdown $i boot fi done case "$IPX" in yes\|true) if [ "$IPXINTERNALNETNUM" != "0" ]; then /sbin/ipx_internal_net del fi ;; esac action $"Shutting down loopback interface: " ./ifdown ifcfg-lo if [ -d /proc/sys/net/ipv4 ]; then if [ -f /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward ]; then if [ `cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward` != 0 ]; then action $"Disabling IPv4 packet forwarding: " sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0 fi fi if [ -f /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_always_defrag ]; then if [ `cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_always_defrag` != 0 ]; then action $"Disabling IPv4 automatic defragmentation: " sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_always_defrag=0 fi fi fi # IPv6 hook (post IPv4 stop) if [ "$NETWORKING_IPV6" = "yes" ]; then if [ -x /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global ]; then /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global stop post fi fi rm -f /var/lock/subsys/network ;; status) echo $"Configured devices:" echo lo $interfaces echo $"Currently active devices:" echo `/sbin/ip -o link show \| awk -F ": " '{ print $2 }'` ;; restart\|reload) cd $CWD $0 stop $0 start ;; *) echo $"Usage: $0 {start\|stop\|restart\|reload\|status}" exit 1 esac exit 0


		Links for Korn
		Korn Shell (ksh) Programming Korn Shell 93 User Manual	http://www.bolthole.com/solaris/ksh.html http://dfrench.tripod.com/kshman93.html

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